Contents
ABSTRACT. 1
INTRODUCTION.. 2
LITERATURE REVIEW.. 3
Economic assistance. 4
Strategic and political interests. 5
Ethical considerations. 6
Distributive justice. 8
DESIGN.. 9
ANALYSIS. 9
REFLECTION.. 13
Planning Division. 16
Training. 18
Partners. 20
APPENDIX. 23
Reference. 28
ABSTRACT
This paper examines US aid to other countries. The paper compares the economic and military aid where discrepancies have been witnessed over the recent past. The paper begins by examining the different types of aspects that have been used by US in its decision to offer aid to other countries. The research design has also be explained after which the data analysis has been conducted using SPSS. The raw data has been discussed before presenting the SPSS data analysis where regression, correlation, and chi-square. The final part of the paper reflects the outcomes of the research where the key players and their role in the distribution of aid. The research shows that countries that have political instability and high levels of insecurity receive higher percentage of military aid. The economic aid is however characterized by the extent of cooperation, loyalty and governance issues in many countries contrary to the expectations of many people who strongly believe that the level of poverty and economic performance should be the only major consideration that the US government should consider in giving economic aid.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of extending foreign assistance to the developing countries is a major topic that has received an intense debate. Foreign assistance has been considered very important especially due to its implications towards reduction and elimination of poverty in the developing nations. Other individuals believe that foreign aid is important especially in promoting individual human rights, facilitating economic development, and also establishing democracy in some cases. Different studies have resulted to different explanations as to why the developed countries choose to extend foreign assistance to the less developed countries. Normally movement of resources between different countries helps in enhancing efficiency of the global economy. Similarly due to the existence of capital markets that are imperfect, the transfer of resources from developed countries like the US to other governments in developing countries either directly or through the multilateral agencies greatly helps in enhancing the welfare of the developed nations together with the developing countries.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Extending foreign aid especially to the poor countries by the US government has been conducted in consideration of different aspects. These aspects include economic, strategic as well as political interests, and self-interests of the donor country among others. These aspects are discussed below (Ekanayake, nd).
The self-interest aspect
Arguments that support self-interest by the donor country to extend assistance to other developing countries indicate that assistance that is directly linked to the development of the recipient country greatly contributes towards the political and economic interests in favor of the donor state. Donor countries that extend economic assistance for self interests usually results to negative impacts in terms of the economic and political development for the recipient country. Empirical evidence has suggested that the self interest from the donor country contributes greatly towards its bilateral assistance but the need for the recipient country to seek foreign assistance plays a great role in terms of multilateral assistance.
Another importance why some developed countries like the US undertakes the process of extending foreign aid to other developing countries is an effort to stimulate the economic growth of the recipient country as well as supplementing the domestic finance sources for instance savings. This eventually helps in increasing the total amount used in investment and the capital stock. As noted by Morrissey (2001), there are various mechanisms that can apply to determine the importance of foreign assistance in regard to the economic development of the recipient country. Some of these mechanisms include the increases in investment in both human and physical capital. Foreign aid also raises the capacity of the recipient country in importing both technology and capital goods from the developed nations. In addition, foreign aid is not associated with indirect effects that are seen to cause a reduction savings and investments and is also associated with technology transfer that helps in increasing capital productivity and promoting technical change. Over the recent years, extending foreign aid from the developed nations to the less developed countries has significantly increased despite the declining trend in the flow of direct foreign investment.
Economic assistance
Most of the arguments based on economic self interest indicate that foreign assistance promotes exports and employment opportunities within the donor country. The specific interests on the other side usually emphasize on a role that is general regarding the foreign aid in that foreign assistance helps in strengthening the commercial ties that exist between donor country and the recipient country. For instance, development of infrastructure in the recipient country would result to more demand for new equipments or replacement equipments that are compatible with the equipments used during the assistance.
Strategic and political interests
Believing that the assistance directed towards the development of the recipient country is useful helps in complementing the other elements for instance the political motive from the donor country. The political considerations for both the recipient country and the donor country have made it easier to conceal the short term political objectives or the strategic assistance in the form of economic assistance. A major issue that needs to be examined more carefully is in regard to complimentary issues and also the conflicts that arise in the process of achieving strategic political objectives in the short run and the political development within the recipient nation in the long run. In most cases, its very easy to come up with examples which illustrate situations where efforts by the donor country to achieve both the economic and political objectives in the short run has been found to be very inconsistent in regard to the political development of the recipient country in the long term.
The security reasons for extending foreign aid in form of military aid has however not been subjected to a rigorous or an empirical analysis. For instance, the study on military effectiveness that was conducted for Carlucci Commission revealed a positive link between the expenditures incurred on security assistance in the United States and interests in security. Assistance in the form of security helps in drawing ideological concerns that have the ability to go beyond the rational calculation in the interest of the donor country. Some political scientists have been able to explain why the United States might extend foreign assistance to the less developed countries due to its own political interests. They believe that import and export organization are very much likely to force the government to undertake the protection as well as extending the relationships in trade. To realize this, most of the developed countries undertake on assisting other under developed nations by extending foreign assistance. Some other developed nations also engage in offering foreign aid in an effort to cultivate or increase the investment opportunities for the donor country. This is also done to increase the level of competition of the goods from the donor country. Normally, countries that have a lot of commitment in terms of economic liberalism are likely to receive more assistance in the form of foreign aid. The assistance to such countries can effectively be used in realizing economies with open markets and at the same time diminishing the harsh consequences that come as a result of foreign aid. In addition, a smooth transition is likely to foster an economy that is very profitable and realize good relationship between different countries.
Ethical considerations
Numerous efforts aimed at coming up with a rationale that is acceptable towards development assistance has been found confined to arguments that express self interest and rationalizations. The argument has been further extended in regard to moral responsibility among the rich countries in terms of their ability to reduce poverty levels and at the same time enhance the economic development particularly for the developing countries without considering their own interest. It’s important to note that the critics and the advocates of foreign aid have not managed to adhere to the differences between moral responsibility and self interest. Criticism on foreign aid starts out on the basis that much of the resources set for foreign assistance purposes have gone into wastage. This is to mean that the assistance or aid has not managed to achieve their intended purpose that is the political and economic objectives.
The official and popular sponsors of the foreign assistance have termed the ethical aspects of foreign trade as being intuitively obvious .existing literature has however tried to identify an aspect in the ethical theory and political philosophy in the transfer of resources and income from the developed nations to the less developed nations in an effort to enhance the welfare within the recipient country. In addition, the transfer of assistance within different governments has sometimes been practiced to help in exploring aspects of a claim from the recipient nation or in determining the obligation particular donor nation to the country that receives the aid. Some studies have revealed that the economic aid from the United States did not flow appropriately during the mid 1970s where some countries whose governments were repressive and with relatively few numbers of needy people were restricted. Other countries for instance Haiti has continued to receive increasing amount of foreign aid and this explains that there is no pattern of redistributing foreign aid. Foreign aid which is in the form of military assistance has also been associated very much with the violation of human rights instead of fulfilling the central concern in terms of the economic development of the recipient country. (Yuen, nd)
Distributive justice
A number of economists are fairly comfortable with the utilitarian rationale for extending foreign assistance. normally, when the return rates in relation to invested capital is high for the private sector in the developing countries compared to the less developed countries, investment should be in such a way that they should move from the more developed countries to the less developed nations. This is because the returns in terms of social rates would exceed return rates in the private sector institutions when the markets are not perfect. Increased interdependence within different countries may result to both the political tension as well as the concern regarding absence of equity in the economic transactions that take place between different nations. The ethical basis for developing a systematic form of extending foreign assistance purely rests on the assertion that the political interdependence observes the moral aspects for distributive or social justice starting from national level to international sphere. Interdependence between different nations has caused an implicit in extending Arrow’s argument concerning redistribution so as to incorporate international sphere. Usually, the individuals who own scarce resources or assets in most cases do not use these assets in a substantial way. The assets can only become valuable when the value in these assets is in a large system.
As a result, it’s likely that there will be surplus created by the society which can then be redistributed. If its in relation to countries, this redistribution will be inform of foreign assistance which will mainly be redistributed from the rich developed countries to the less developed countries that are poor.
The increased growth of both political and global interdependence between different countries would result to a decline on the importance of the national boundaries. Since the boundaries do not exist with the economic scope or the political interdependence, it means that they cannot be able to identify the social obligations limits in regard to sharing some of the benefits or the burdens that associate very much with the interdependence between different countries.
Usually an international economy that is functional is in a better position of increasing the value of human, institutional and natural resources particularly for the developed nations and therefore part of the surplus can be used for redistribution purposes especially to the less developed countries.
DESIGN
The research design used was quantitative descriptive. The reason was that the data used in the research was obtained from existing information in form of secondary data. The suitability of the design is proved by the sample size that included all countries that receive either economic or military aid from the US.
ANALYSIS
Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. In the analysis, Regression, correlation, and chi-square are the tests that were conducted. The United States extends foreign aid to other nations in the form of economic assistance or military aid (see data chosen on US economic and military aid in the appendix). The US foreign aid comes from the government, private organizations as well as individuals from the US. The countries that are major beneficiaries of the US foreign aid are the developing countries and also countries that recovering from political instabilities. Extending foreign aid is normally undertaken by a specialized agency referred to as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).From the given data set, it can be observed that in terms of economic aid, Afghanistan was the major beneficiary with a total aid equivalent to 3046.3 million dollars. It was closely followed by Iraq and Pakistan whose total economic aid from the United States was equivalent to 2252.7 and 1353.6 million dollars respectively. Bhutan, Comoros, Japan, St. Lucia and Nevis received the least amount of foreign assistance that was equivalent to 0.1 million dollars for each country. Other countries for instance Germany, Grenada and Seychelles did not receive any economic aid from the United States. On the other hand, the major recipient country of the United States military aid was Afghanistan which received a total of 5717.6 million dollars. It was followed by Israel and Egypt whose military aid was 2380 million dollars and 1301.3 million dollars respectively. Congo, Fiji, France, Eritrea, Germany, Ireland and Niger are examples of some of the countries that received very minimal amount of military aid from the United States equivalent to 0.1 million dollars for each country. Other countries like Saudi Arabia, West bank, Zimbabwe, Venezuela and the United Kingdom did not receive any military assistance from the United States. The major reason for the disparities in terms of the total amount given to different countries depends on the needs for that particular country. For instance the higher amount of military foreign aid given to Israel was to help the country manage to buy weapons. Similarly, the higher military aid given to Egypt was also to help the country buy weapons as well as improving education and health care in the country. Pakistan also received a substantial amount of foreign aid from the United States to improve on the security in the country. Other countries like Kenya and South Africa receive foreign assistance mainly to help in fighting various diseases like HIV/AIDS and also towards the improvement of education in the country.
The results from table 1 indicate that, the United States spent an average of 61.48 million dollars on military assistance to other nations. On the other hand, the United States spent approximately 141.04 million dollars on average in extending economic assistance to other countries. This means that on average, the United States spent more funds on economic aid as compared to military foreign assistance.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Military
61.48
476.042
176
Economic
141.04
350.473
176
Table 2: Correlations
Military
Economic
Pearson Correlation
Military
1.000
.603
Economic
.603
1.000
Table 2 shows the correlation that exists between economic and military aspect of extending foreign aid from the United States to other developing countries. Normally, correlation coefficient helps in measuring the strength between two variables in a linear relationship. The coefficient correlation that range between -1 and +1 indicate a strong negative relationship, correlation that fall between -3 and +3 indicate little or no association while those that fall between +7 and +1 indicate a strong positive relationship. From table 1, the correlation between military and economic aspect of extending foreign aid is 0.603.This is to mean that the association between these two variables has a weak positive relationship.
Table 3 Model summary
The regression analysis output generates value of R Square as 0.363. Normally, the value of R square is used to explain how well the independent variable explains the dependent variable. Since economic is our predictor variable, it means that the economic aspect of extending foreign assistance to other developing countries contribute to only approximately 36.3%.Therefore it can be observed that economic reasons do not explain well the main reason for extending the foreign assistance. There may a variety of other reasons which make the US government to extend assistance to other countries for instance self interest. More SPSS output results have been presented in the appendix section.
REFLECTION
The policy of USAID for the operating units is to cooperate with the DoD (Department of Defense) in planning, training, assessment, communication, implementation in addition to training in all the foreign aspects of assistance activities were the USAID and department of defense are operating as well as where the foreign policy of US will be enhanced by the civilian-military cooperation. The US has several programs that offer the foreign states military support and assistance either directly or indirectly. The financing of the foreign military is one of the programs. Foreign-military financing involves appropriated grants that are given to the foreign countries to finance the buying of weapons that are American-made, services as well as training. Since the year 1950, the government of US has provided more than $91 billion weapons around the globe. Most of the funds go to Egypt as well as Israel as reward for making the 1979 cold peace (U.S. Foreign Military Assistance, 2011)
The military aid of US to Israel has dramatic impacts on the policies of Israel towards Palestinians. The fund has not been used for defense but for financing the Palestinian land occupation by the Israelites. The fund prevents Israel from facing challenges that are too difficulty concerning the building of societies that are democratic. It also encourages the solving of problems that are deeply rooted by the military rather than using peaceful as well as effective means. The funding that pay for ammunitions’ as well as guns by the US that deal with the Palestinian land occupation by the Israel serves neither the American, the Palestinians nor the Israel. Israel is not able to build societies which are founded on democratic principles, human rights as well as international law compliance because of the brutality of occupying the Palestinians land. The US is paying for the Israel occupation of Palestinians land with the US annual aid. This is the reason why the US is urged by the Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) to stop the Israel military aid until the 37 years occupation of Palestinians land by Israel is ended (Jewish Voice for Peace. 2004).
Another program is the economic support fund (ESF). The economic support fund was established by the congress to promote political as well as economic stability in important as well as strategic regions where the united state has security interests. The funds are offered on grant basis and are usually available for a number of economic reasons such as infrastructure as well as development projects. Although the grants are not intended for the expenditure of military, the grants permits the recipient governments to use some of its money for the military programs. International Military Education and Training (IMET) is another program. The grants of IMET are provided to the foreign countries and governments to support the professional education in the management as well as technical training of military on the weapon systems of US. More than 200 courses are learned. Some of the courses concern human rights as well as civil-military relations. This program promotes military-to-military contacts that are positive thereby familiarizing the officers from foreign countries with the US values in addition to democratic processes. There have been critics that argue that too much emphasis has been on the military skills and there has been little emphasis on the human rights.
The IMET program given to some countries focus more on the human rights than on the military skills. Through the international programs on Narcotic control the Government of US gives the funds for military training and military training to overseas police as well as armed forces in efforts to combat the trafficking in addition to production of illegal drugs. The funds are for the firearm export as well as the surveillance aircraft refurbishment, transport planes in addition to helicopters. The departments of defense, the agency of drug enforcement provide Counter-Narcotics training and they also provide equipments. In the past few years the abuses on human rights by the police as well as military units who received the counter-narcotic assistance aid particularly in Colombia have highly criticized the counter-narcotic assistance program. Other programs carried by the USAID include the Anti-terrorism, Non-Proliferation as well as Demining programs. This programs offer resources that support many foreign policies related to the security objectives.
The funds are dedicated to programs on non-proliferation programs, anti-terrorism aid, and the demining activities in addition to programs concerning the destruction of small arms. The peace keeping operations funds provide international peacekeeping voluntary support in all the activities. Peacekeeping operations enhance the involvement of the regional organization in solving the conflicts as well as leveraging the multinational efforts support were there is no form of cost-sharing mechanism. Freedom Support Act (FSA) which the congress passed in the year 1992 with the aim of providing funds to the former soviet union states that arte in support of free market as well as democratic reforms via demilitarization, technical assistance in addition to humanitarian assistance.
This bill endorses the American trade as well as investment via enterprise funds, access to purchase credits of the food exports and small-business programs. The FSA offers funding for programs as well as activities on nuclear nonproliferation and the dismantlement and the destruction of chemical, conventional as well as biological weapons. Humanitarian aid involves health as well as programs concerning human services. The funds that are allocated via this program do not purchase weapons or are they used in military training but are used to improve the law enforcement as well as security on the borders. The funds also allow the recipient governments to free up money and spend on defense and other ways (U.S. Foreign Military Assistance, 2012)
Planning Division
The planning division coordinates as well as manages the daily aspects of USAID-military relationships as well as the planning and the development of operations. This involves development of joint network of information, event participation prioritizing request and exercises. It also involves overseeing programs, planning in addition to development for the regions as well as countries. The planning division coordinates the USAID analysis as well as civilian military training with the coordinator’s state-office department, the pentagon and other agencies for reconstruction as well as stabilization. The planning division managed programs on training for the selected military as well as civilian audiences. It also develops USAID and NGO guidance for use in the context of civilian military. It develops as well as manages the staff, budgets grants, contracts in addition to other mechanisms needed in the performance of division duties such as program development, exercises, planning as well as training. Finally the planning division plays the role of base agency training in department of defense as well as in war colleges. The officers in the planning division have the duty of covering the regional as well as sectoral topics and to offer advice as well as liaison across the activities of the agencies. The following are the duties of the planning division;
Coordinating as well as monitoring the USAID military participation and interagency exercises.
Offering a central point of conduct for the operations of USAID, the DoD as well as the state department post-conflicting operations.
Providing coordination with US non military organizations such as NATO, UN etc were appropriate.
Assist in US military pre-deployment training who will work with the USAID in the zones with conflicts as well as USAID personnel who are to be deployed to environments that are insecure.
Provide a continuous policy dialogue as well as training to the military of the United States in addition to USAID Bureaus and missions concerning the USAID role in the strategy of National Security.
Facilitate DoD-USAID joint planning on security cooperation and communication via liaison officer exchange programs and Senior Development Advisors (SDAs).
Help in interagency operations.
Provide support for the USAID planning to the defense secretary office on the DoD Directive implementation.
Educate the civilians as well as the military personnel about development-defense nexus.
Develop a USAID leader’s cadre which is able to deal with the interface between organizations that are in a crisis environment.
Serves as point of contact as well as coordinator between the NGO, the military as well as the USAID at the implementation level.
The planning division current focuses on enhancing the interagency cooperation (USAID Military affairs, 2012).
Training
The military training office serves as a central contact point for the department of defense (DoD), USAID interagency as well as civilian military training. The main role of training team is providing training that will promote practical skills, promote coordination as well as cooperation and permit civilian as well as military personnel to complete their mission successfully within their environments of operation. With the USAID, OMA is working to enhance the capability of the agency in order to respond effectively to crisis by improving the USAID officers’ ability of participating in the unstable environments. This involves offering in-country training to the military units as well as the USAID staff either through direct instruction or through distance learning in addition to working with USAID officer so as to identify as well as adapt the best practices that are to be employed in specific conditions in the unstable environments. The portfolio of the training team includes, district stability framework (DSF), training curriculum as well as database development, certification of DSF instructor, coordination as well as pre-deployment execution for the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) staff, Participation in the Exercise Development Conferences (EDC) of the DoD , briefings of internal USAID as well as the USAID interagency to promote understanding of the synchronization of civ-mil interagency and shared spaces cooperation.
Stability of Operations Training
Office of military affairs (OMA) offers stability training activities that are based on DSF. DSF is a tool used by the military personnel as well as the civilian personnel to identify the instability local sources, devising programs that can address the instability causes, and the stability programming effective measures. DSF training is always under review as well as refinement. It incorporates the recent practices as well as lessons that are learned in the field. OMA is currently working with the officers of USAID as well as interagency partners for the identification of database solution to help with evaluation as well as development of activity stabilization through the use of DSF. The unclassified database foreseen as military units as well as civilian organizations shared tool will enhance the local stability interagency understanding and will offer important mechanism for evaluation as well as management of DSF and the tasks and processes that are related. The training team of office of military affairs (OMA) has the responsibility of maintaining stability training cadre which involves expert instructors. The individuals carry out classroom training, create scenarios of training, support the planning exercise and act as advisors of stability operations incorporating DSF as well as its principles in their work. OMA top priority is to implement rigorous selection as well as certification process for the DSF instructors in addition to stability operations advisors.
Training of Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)
The training team of OMA is responsible for curriculum stability development, coordination as well as training the officers who are preparing for deployment at Camp Atterbury to Afghanistan.
Partners
The training team of OMA is partnering with USAID Office of Afghanistan and Pakistan Affairs (OAPA), Office of Civilian Response (DCHA/OCR), Office of Program, Policy, And Management (DCHA/PPM), Office of Transition Initiatives (DCHA/OTI), and Human Resources – Training & Education. It is also partnering with the military Marine Corps Training and Operations Group (MCTOG), 95th Civil Affairs Brigade, Joint Chiefs of Staff – J7, Security Cooperation Education and Training Center (SCETC – U.S. Marine Corps), and the 1st Army,189th Infantry Brigade . It has also partnered with the Interagency State Department Office for the Coordinator for Reconstruction & Stabilization (S/CRS) as well as Foreign Service Institute (FSI) (USAID Military affairs, 2012)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Increase involvement of US in crisis, post-conflict and conflict setting has brought a tools demand to identify as well as diminish the instability causes. Traditional civilian as well as military tools in the unstable environments have been ineffective because of the conditions have been different from those in stable developed environments. The areas are always insecure, have no existing governing institutions and are economically devastated. In order to respond to such needs the civilian-military cooperation office together with the USAID Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) as well as Counterinsurgency center of training in Kabul and Afghanistan formed the District Stability Framework (DSF). DSF creates situational awareness by gathering information concerning the operational as well as cultural environments, instability as well as stability factors, in addition to popular perceptions to help in understanding the local conditions. The process is able to identify many problems as well as issues. DSF also carry out analysis.
After the identification of the problems in the first phase, the problems are analyzed to find out the problems which cause the instability and then address the priorities. Then follows the program design whereby stability activities as well as associated metrics are designed in order to address the causes of instability through the use of logical sound principles of development as well as effective framework of planning. DSF carries out impact evaluation whereby it measures the individual activity impact and their overall stability collective impact. This forms feedback loop to improve as well as adjust the stabilization effort. DSF is based on the USAID Conflict Assessment Framework (CAF) stabilization principle. The CAF is more focused on national level while the DSF is more focused on local level were it applies this principle and draws programmatic implications that are detailed. The methodology of DSF has been employed in southern Sudan, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan and many other countries with instability to identify, target as well as prioritize the instability root causes (USAID Military affairs, 2012)
The countries that have received much of the USAID military support include Afghanistan, Egypt, Pakistan, Somalia and Jordan. This is because of the economic and political instability in these countries. Israel receives almost $43 billion direct-foreign assistance every year, which is approximately a fifth of the Americans overall budget on foreign aid. In terms of per capita, the United States of America provides Israel direct subsidy which is worthy 500 annually (If Americans Knew, 2012).
The assistance to the modernization of military program in Egypt by the United States and the role played by Egypt as a contributor to many of the peacekeeping operations of the UN has continued to reinforce the relation of Egypt-US military. The United States has also continued to offer economic assistance to Egypt. This economic assistance expanded greatly when a peace treaty was signed in the year 1979 which is referred to as the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty. The aid by the US military to Egypt is more than $ 1.3 billion per year. In addition Agency for International Development (USAID) offered more than $ 28 billion in development as well as economic assistance since the year 1975 to Egypt (U.S Department of State, 2012).
I recommend that the US provide economic aid to those countries that receive military power because most war torn countries suffer from huge economic challenges. I also recommend that the US consider economic performance as well as poverty index in offering economic aid other than political relations.
APPENDIX
Chi-Square
Test Statistics
Economic
Military
Chi-Square
69.511a
6.004E2b
df
144
61
Asymp. Sig.
1.000
.000
145 cells (100.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 1.2.
62 cells (100.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 2.8.
Correlations
Economic
Military
Economic
Pearson Correlation
1
.603**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
176
176
Military
Pearson Correlation
.603**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
176
176
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Regression
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Military
61.48
476.042
176
Economic
141.04
350.473
176
Model
Variables Entered
Variables Removed
Method
1
Economica
.
Enter
All requested variables entered.
Dependent Variable: Military
Model Summaryb
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
Change Statistics
Durbin-Watson
R Square Change
F Change
df1
df2
Sig. F Change
1
.603a
.363
.359
381.019
.363
99.171
1
174
.000
1.582
Predictors: (Constant), Economic
Dependent Variable: Military
ANOVAb
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
1.440E7
1
1.440E7
99.171
.000a
Residual
2.526E7
174
145175.673
Total
3.966E7
175
Predictors: (Constant), Economic
Dependent Variable: Military
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
95% Confidence Interval for B
Correlations
Collinearity Statistics
B
Std. Error
Beta
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Zero-order
Partial
Part
Tolerance
VIF
1
(Constant)
-53.942
30.971
-1.742
.083
-115.069
7.185
Economic
.818
.082
.603
9.958
.000
.656
.981
.603
.603
.603
1.000
1.000
Dependent Variable: Military
Coefficient Correlationsa
Model
Economic
1
Correlations
Economic
1.000
Covariances
Economic
.007
Dependent Variable: Military
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
Model
Dimension
Eigenvalue
Condition Index
Variance Proportions
(Constant)
Economic
1
1
1.374
1.000
.31
.31
2
.626
1.482
.69
.69
Dependent Variable: Military
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Predicted Value
-53.94
2439.15
61.48
286.827
176
Residual
-1.787E3
3278.448
.000
379.929
176
Std. Predicted Value
-.402
8.290
.000
1.000
176
Std. Residual
-4.689
8.604
.000
.997
176
Dependent Variable: Military
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