motivations for learning English as a second language and how does this differ by age, focusing mainly on what motivates adults
literature review
5,000-6,000 words long
An Independent Literature Review is the outcome of an extensive review of a research literature which addresses a specific theme or research question.
primary research literature (not textbooks).
• The review should be narrowly focused and include fine grained detail rather than present a broad and general sketch.
• You may use older material but should make sure to include up to date work on the topic.
• Focused on work that directly relates to your own objectives or theme
• Synthesizes, analyses and evaluates previous work
• Considers the strengths and limitations of others’ theoretical orientations, assumptions or methodological approaches
• Demonstrates comprehension of material:
• Synthesis demonstrated through the reformulation of material presenting a point of view
• Analysis demonstrated through weighing up relative strengths and limitation assumptions, procedures and evidence
• Compares and contrasts previous approaches
• Structures the review of others’ work to reflect the order of presentation of issues, themes, variables related to your interests
• These can be signposted by using section and subsection headings
The literature review should include:
• an introduction to the chosen topic detailing the motivation and aims of the review;
• a clear summary of the theoretical, empirical and/or methodological issues and questions under consideration;
• a critical assessment of the different positions, approaches and/or findings researchers have taken;
• the implications and consequences of these for future research directions.
• The review should provide a critical evaluation of the design, analytical tools, findings and interpretations found in the studies under review.
• Alternative interpretations and explanations of your own should be offered where appropriate.
• The discussion and conclusion should include reflection on implications of this research for theory, policy or practice.
Beyond Description: Synthesis
• Aim is to go beyond a description which simply reproduces information
• A synthesis will integrate, recast, combine, formulate and reorganize material
Argumentation and critical analysis
• critical thinking is often referred to as the ‘argument’. (Cottrell, 2005: P.2)
• An argument in this context is not about disagreement, it is the methodical process of logical reasoning in support of a proposition with reference to set of facts
Critical Analysis
• Identifies people’s position, assumptions and objectives
• Evaluates the evidence offered
• Weighs up arguments and conclusions
Critical skills
• To consider possible logical implications
• To recognise false logic and persuasive rhetorical devices
• To reflect on implied and explicit issues and objectives
Structure of Academic Writing
• Introduction to topic, purpose of paper
• Background or Context
• Synthetic Presentation of Findings with Evaluative and Analytical Commentary
• Discussion, Interpretation or Explanation of Point of View
• Summary, Conclusion and Implications
• References
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