Summarize and critique the claims of sex-role theory with regard to the differences between men and women.
The changes in the roles of men and women from the Renaissance to the present period have stimulated studies about sexual development. Researchers have sought to find out the causes of differences in genders in order to draw the difference between sex roles. Homosexuality, an act of sexual desire between people of the same sex has been a major cause of these studies. The studies, however, gave rise to varying ideas, and as a result, gender roles remain unclear. The studies gave rise to three theories, which include psychoanalytic, cognitive, and social learning hypothesis. The theories hold varying beliefs, and each has been criticized for lack of perfection.
Psychoanalysis Theory
This theory was founded by Sigmund Freud who argued that gender roles are a result of childhood experiences. Sigmund argues that when children are born, they have an opportunity to become men or women despite their differences in body structure. The researcher states that boys become men because they compete with their fathers to gain higher sexual desires for women. Girls, on the other hand become women because they compete with their mothers to gain recognition from men.
Freud’s theory was based on four factors that include the super ego, ego, id, and human development stages. The id is the most essential factor because it triggers the desire for satisfaction. The ego and superego then drive a person towards achieving satisfaction (Kimmel and Aronson 89). Humans also derive satisfaction from three developmental stages that include the anal, oral, and phamic. These stages define the roles that children acquire, and these determine their gender. Freud argues that homosexuality is a result of poor development, and it results when boys continue associating themselves with their mothers. The behavior also occurs in girls who fail to dissociate themselves from their fathers (Kimmel and Aronson 89).
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