Normative Nature of foundings
It is evident that poverty reduction always takes a significant part in policy debates, although the debates are sometimes exaggerated. Nevertheless, any prudent society should be concerned with the effects of extreme poverty and inequality. In the recent past there have been numerous efforts to reduce levels of poverty of which some have been successfully implemented, yet others have not mostly due knee-jerk reactions to pressure from civil right groups (Chafel, 1993). Our founding Fathers also believed in a society with very low levels of poverty if any, however, the government needed to be proactive in achieving the same through trickle-down mechanisms (Martin & Fitzgerald, 2002).
Current policy debates tend to agree with the founding principles on the point that income redistribution is important in achieving poverty reduction as well as equality. However, the two have divergent on the means of achieving the same. For instance the normative nature of the founding principles believed in creating conditions such that growth and income redistribution would go hand in hand. On the other hand current government policies focus on taxation (Martin & Fitzgerald, 2002). For example, unemployed citizens are entitled to some pay from the government as long as they remain in that state of unemployment. Though ethical theorists would disagree on this, there is an element of unfairness to the hardworking lot because they are being penalized to reward those who are probably idle (Geuras & Garofalo, 2005).
In conclusion, it is evident that current policy debates are mostly influenced by the changing political, social and economic conditions which are by far different to those that existed at the time the founding principles were developed. In addition different views have been put across on possible modifications that primarily focus on coming up with practical solutions rather than a reflection of normative foundings.
Foundations of Bureaucratic Ethics
There is no clear definition of bureaucracy, however, it can be said to be administration that is associated with decentralization of authority and compliance to less flexible and complex operation rules that hamper effective action (Sindermann, 2001). The argument that democratic governance is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics means that a government formed on democratic principles forms the best cornerstone on which ethical standards in bureaucracy can be enhanced.
Democratic government, to a greater extent provides the foundation for bureaucratic ethics on the assumption that democratic ethos are developed from moral order that is agreed upon by the majority (Denhardt, 1988).Therefore the particular society members have an obligation to adhere to those moral precepts. The ethical judgments that result from the generally agreed moral order would then form the constitution. This means that the public administrator is morally obligated to uphold the contents of that constitution as a result of the oath he took to do so. Therefore when society members vote in leaders in to the government, they in essence entrust them with their power and as a result have expectations based on their constitution which is a reflection of their fundamental moral precepts (Geuras & Garofalo, 2005). Hence, keeping the promise is deemed to be a universal principle that applies to everyone.
In conclusion, in democratic governance civil servants are mostly always in a dilemma in defining ethical standards, for instance, being loyal to their appointees, adhering to defined procedures or meeting the needs of the electorate even if it involves overriding organizational programs. However, in spite of this there is no any other form of government that enhances bureaucratic ethics like democratic governance.
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