Research proposal
Which theory best explains the cause of conflict? Refer to Liberalism, Realism, and Marxism.
In this essay, I shall begin by introducing my topic of conflict (define it) and the three different theories. In my introduction, I shall highlight the arguments that I am going to make in the essay briefly and also the thread of my entire essay. This will include the three theories, Marxism, Realism, and Liberalism and include the main theorists which shall be included. Because theories like Liberalism and Realism have sub categories, I shall differentiate between them in the introduction.
Each paragraph will be divided up by theorists and theories. I am going to write about at least two theorists per theory as some have very different, and at times, conflicting views on conflict and why it occurs, even though their foundations are the same. Each shall have the positives and the negatives for each theory overall. However, throughout, it is going to be evident which theory as to which theory I believe explains the cause of conflict.
Liberalism:
The thinker I am going to be studying for this shall be Emanuel Kant. His take on ‘perpetual peace’ looks directly at war and why it occurs. His belief that peace is a permeant term can be argued against as his take on war and peace are too optimistic compared to others that I shall be considering e.g. Realist thinkers. Another thinker shall be Angell’s and what his theory is about war and peace. How his though is that war is futile and unnecessary whereas, compared to Kant, who holds the idea that war is necessary for peace to occur. His theory focuses more on the economic effects of war and how it effects different nations.
Marxism:
The traditional Marx theory and what he believes causes conflict. I shall focus on the class struggle which Marx focused on and the conflict between the bourgeois and the proletariats.
Lenin’s take on capitalism is the belief that capitalism leads to imperialism. I shall specify that it is new imperialism and define what that exactly means. Lenin believes that monopolies control a state and this leads to capitalism in these states. Their thirst for markets exceeds what they control in their chosen states and so this leads to a search for new markets to dominate. Global economies and markets become their new targets. These monopolies also fund banks, working their way up to leading banks in states. This means that they have a control and voice in state politics and decisions. Their thirst for new markets to dominate combined with the power they hold over states means that they hold major power in global politics and capitalism. However, because these monopolies begin to grow, they do not stop and this is where they conflict with one another. When world markets are all being controlled, the last few shall be fought over and this will create a war between monopolies which corresponds to states.
Realism:
Differentiate between Neo and Classical realism.
In this section, I will mainly focus on Morgenthau’s, Niebuhr and Waltz. The focus shall be on the differences between how each theorist is from either classical realism or neo and how that effects their thoughts on conflict. Distinguishing between the limitations of Waltz theory as it is primarily focused on the structure of the states; and Morgenthau’s, which is much broader as it takes into consideration different factor which causes conflicts such as human nature and nationalism.
All theories shall be put alongside empirical examples to explain them but also, this shall give us a clearer understanding of which ones do explain war and conflict better than the others.
Bibliography:
Waltz, K. 1979. Theory of international politics. Addison Wesley Publisher. UK.
Morgenthau, H and Thompson, KW. 1948. Politics Among Nations. McGraw-Hill Publisher. UK.
Niebuhr, R. 1932. Moral Man and Immoral Society. USA: Westminster John Knox Press.
Kant, I. 1795. Perpetual peace: A philosophical sketch. Filiquarian Publishing. UK.
Angell, N. 1909. The Great Illusion. Putnam’s and Sons. New York.
Carr, EH. 1939. The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Harper and Row. UK.
Caranti, LC. 2006. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace Reflections on the Realist Critique of Kant’s Project. Routledge. UK.
Marx, K. Engels, F. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. Filiquarian Publishing. London.
Lenin, VI. 2010. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Penguin Books. UK
Cox, RW. 1987. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. Columbia University Press. US.
Marx, K. Engels, F. Husain, I. 2006. Karl Marx on India. Tulika Books. UK
Baldwin, DA. 1993. Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate. Columbia University Press. US.
Doyle, MWD. 1997. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism. Norton. US.
Foley, MSF. 2003. Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War. University of North Carolina Press. US.
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