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Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia is a condition of abnormal rise of blood levels in all lipids in the blood. This disease occurs when there is too much fatty substance in the blood stream. Hyperlipidemia is divided into primary and secondary subtypes. The primary hyperlipidemia is caused by genetic genes such as mutation in protein receptors. The secondary hyperlipidemia results due to cases of diabetes. Most individuals suffer from abnormal lipids and lipoproteins hence are regarded as the adaptable risk factor for cardiovascular disorder. Various medical treatments are administered including satins, niacin, fibric acid derivatives and bile acid sequestrants in order to break down cholesterol substances.
Treatment depends on age, the history of a person’s health and risk factors of heart disease problems. The treatments for the adults depend on the risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure and family history on heart disease problems. In addition, treatments may depend on the primary or secondary hyperlipidemia (Brian 143). Individuals suffering from this disease follow certain steps in order to improve their cholesterols and prevent heart disease and heart attacks. For instance, they can be given a variety of health food rich in vegetables and fruits. Hyperlipidemia patients should not be given food saturated with fats and trans-fatty acids.
They should get periodic health checkups and screening of cholesterol should be done periodically. Regular exercise should be done in order to increase blood cholesterol. Incase an individual is a smoker; he or she should quit smoking. Incase the patient’s lifestyle changes, he or she should not change his or her cholesterol levels until the doctor recommends medication. Different drugs should be administered because different drugs lower the blood cholesterol levels and other medicines lower the density of lipoprotein levels. Other medicines may increase lipoprotein cholesterol whereas others are good in lowering triglycerides (Brian 201).
Most common drugs for lowering lipids are satins. These drugs are generally effective for treating hyperlipidemia patients because they have few adverse effects. The recent studies carried out on standard treatment for treating patients suffering from hyperlipidemia indicated that satins lower the density of lipoprotein. Even patients who maintains normal low-density lipoprotein and suffering from myocardial infarction were reported to have decreased their morbidity and mortality due to use of satins medicine. Presently, there are six satins available for treating hyperlipidemia (Durrington and Allan 137).
Satins reduce triglyceride levels and lower the density of lipoprotein. All the six types of satins have a minimal effect in raising the high-density lipoprotein levels especially simvastatin and atorvastatin types of satins. However, the research carried out indicated that atorvastatin is the main effective type of satin medicine in decreasing low-density lipoprotein to hyperlipidemia patients. Satins are the safety treatment drugs for treatment of hyperlipidemia with less adverse effects of gastrointestinal disturbances as well as headache and body rashes. There are rare problems of hepatitis but this occurs when an individual discontinues from taking the medicines.
Niacin is another medical treatment for hyperlipidemia patients. It has been used for lowering lipids and proved to have reduced cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Nicotinic acid or niacin reduces serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein of cholesterol values (Safeer and Cynthia 3378). In addition, it increases the high-density levels. Niaspan that is a form of niacin drugs has the same benefit of changing the results of the patient same to the standard niacin. However, it is less effective compared to satins in the case of lowering the density of lipoproteins. Prolonged niacin can lead to increase of high-density levels and reduces triglyceride levels making it exceptional from other agents that lower lipids.
Fibric acid derivatives, which is also known as fibrates is used for treating hyperlipidemia. This type of drug includes clofibrate, fenofibrates and gemfibrozil. This drug is a risk factor of coronary heart disease. Fibrates is the main effective medicine for lowering triglyceride levels but it should be restricted in use because of its adverse effects. The guidelines for the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) suggest that medication therapy should be administered to patients of hypertriglyceridemia (Safeer and Lacivita 3379). Incase the levels of serum triglyceride is higher then fibrates should not be administered. Fibrates reduces triglyceride values and increase the density of lipoprotein levels. Even though, this drug lowers the density of lipoprotein, some patients of hyperlipoproteinemia show the signs of an increased level of lipoproteins.
Bile acid sequestrants are the current medicine available for treating hyperlipidemia disease. They are of two types and they include cholestyramine and colestipol. They lower the density level of lipoprotein to 20 percentage and decrease the high-density lipoprotein to 5 percentages. These two types of drugs rarely increase the values of serum triglyceride. Bile acid sequestrants are rarely administered because it has severe adverse effects on gastrointestinal and cumbersome prescriptions. The therapeutic result is apparently noticed after treatment has been carried out for about one month. However, this medication interferes with the absorption of vitamins and various minerals in the body. In addition, they reduce certain medical absorption such as penicillin, levothyroxine and dioxins (Safeer and Lacivita 3380).
Combination medication and compliance is essential for patients who fails to meet their values and who are resistant to medication administered to them. Those with moderate and severe of hyperlipidemia have difficult in meeting their goals. They have considerable decrease in lower-density and the benefits from therapy are less than their risks. That is why many physicians recommend use of satins than the other types of medicines because it is the most effective. If the disease persists, one tablet combined with lovastatin with use of niacin can be administered. Physicians should instruct well their patients on numerous adverse effects that may arise from use of these medicines and report immediately incase of muscle pains and other complications.
The mechanical action through which satins works is different from other drugs because satins lowers its cholesterol level through inhibiting enzymes that plays a crucial role in cholesterol production. Satins take place in the methlglutary reductase pathway hence producing mevalonate next to the molecules that eventually produces cholesterol together with different compounds. Satin eventually lowers the cholesterol through several mechanism processes. It eventually leads to reduction of lower-density levels of lipoprotein (Stargrove, Jonathan and Dwight 343).
Through inhibiting methlglutary reductase, satins may block the pathway in order to enable cholesterol synthesis in the liver to take place. This is essential because cholesterol is released from the internal manufacture instead of the diet. The level of blood eventually falls when the liver fails to produce cholesterol completely. Patients are advised to take satins at night because cholesterol synthesis appears to take place at night. Researchers indicate that lower-density lipoprotein and reductions of cholesterol works at night especially in the short-acting simvastatin than long-acting atorvastatin.
Consequently, cells in the liver sense in case of the decrease liver cholesterol levels thus the liver cells seek to compensate through synthesizing the lower-density lipoprotein receptors to draw away the circulation of cholesterol (Mitchell et al. 493). The mechanism is completed through protease enzymes that slice protein migrating to the nuclei causing increased production of many other proteins and produces other enzymes. The lower-density receptor then moves to the cell membranes in the liver and binds bad cholesterol particles linked to the disease. The lower-density lipoprotein moves out of the circulation system into the liver where bile salts are being reprocessed from cholesterol. Lastly, cholesterol is excreted and the internal bile salt circulations recycle the remaining cholesterol.
Works Cited
Durrington, Paul and Allan Sniderman. Hyperlipidemia. Oxford, UK: Health
Press, 2005. Print.
Reamy, Brian. Hyperlipidemia Management for Primary Care: An Evidence-Based Approach.
New York, NY: Springer, 2008. Print.
Safeer, Richard and Cynthia Lacivita. “Choosing Drug Therapy for Patients with Hyperlipidemia.” American Family Physician. 61. 11 (2000): 3371-82. Print.
Stargrove, Mitchell, Jonathan Treasure and Dwight McKee. Herb, Nutrient, and Drug
Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. St. Louis, Mo:
Mosby/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
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