Assignment Requirements
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Practical 3
The Douglas Bag Procedure
In 1911 Claude Douglas devised a technique of collecting a patient’s exhaled air for analysis. This is now commonly known as the ‘Douglas Bag’ technique and is used mainly to assess VO2, despite a hundred years since its implementation into scientific thinking it is still often argued to be the gold standard measure.
Task:
Q1: With the introduction of newer and more technologically advanced methods of measuring oxygen consumption during exercise, provide a brief overview of the development of equipment and offer a critical argument for what method you argue as the gold standard.
Indepth reply to the answer and to include references throughout.
Estimate 700 words with 10 references
Practical 3
Indirect Measurement of Energy Substrates:
The Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Of the various nutrients we eat, it is only carbohydrates, fats and to a lesser extent proteins that yield energy (in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP). Under normal conditions (an adequate nutrient supply), fuel for metabolic processes at rest and during exercise are limited to carbohydrates and fats. The percentage contribution of these substrates in energy metabolism is usually assessed by the determination of the ratio of the volume of Carbon Dioxide (VCO2) measurements of which are obtained during steady state conditions. This ratio is known as the Respiratory Exchange Ratio and reflects VCO2:VO2 at the level of the pulmonary system (VCO2:VO2 at the level of the cell is termed Respiratory Quotient or RQ). An RER of 0.7 indicates that fats are the principle substrate while an RER of 1 indicates that carbohydrates are the principle substrate (Table 1).
Table 1.
RER
Carbohydrate (%)
Fat (%)
RER
Carbohydrate (%)
Fat (%)
0.70
0.00
100.00
0.86
52.20
47.80
0.71
1.02
98.98
0.87
55.60
44.40
0.72
4.40
95.60
0.88
59.00
41.00
0.73
7.85
92.20
0.89
62.50
37.50
0.74
11.30
88.70
0.90
65.90
34.10
0.75
14.70
85.30
0.91
69.30
30.70
0.76
18.10
81.90
0.92
72.70
27.30
0.77
21.50
78.50
0.93
76.10
23.90
0.78
24.90
75.10
0.94
79.50
20.50
0.79
28.30
71.70
0.95
82.90
17.10
0.80
31.70
68.30
0.96
86.30
13.70
0.81
35.20
64.80
0.97
89.80
10.20
0.82
38.60
61.40
0.98
93.20
6.80
0.83
42.00
58.00
0.99
96.60
3.40
0.84
45.40
54.60
1.00
100.00
0.00
0.85
48.80
51.20
The purpose of this laboratory practical is three fold,
i) to introduce the concept of gas analysis
ii) to examine the influence of exercise intensity of RER
iii) to identify the principle substrates utilised at differing intensities of exercise.
Apparatus
Monark cycle ergometer
Servomex gas analyser
Douglas bag and valves
Nose clip
Procedure
The subject is seated on a suitably adjusted cycle ergometer and allowed to sit quietly for 5 minutes. During the final 1 minute, expired air is collected in a Douglas bag. Following collection of the expired air, it is measured for percentage O2, percentage CO2 and total volume (the method for doing this will be explained to you by your demonstrator). The data is entered into table 2 below.
This is repeated with the subject exercising at an intensity of 60-Watts (light exercise).
This is repeated with the subject exercising at 120-Watts (medium/heavy exercise).
Table 2. Participant is a male (mouth piece was inserted 30 seconds before sample.
Data
Body Mass
105kg
Barometric Pressure
774 mmhg
Stature
195cm
Relative Humidity
29%
Age
22
Room Temperature
20.6
Gender
M
Douglas Bag
Rest
60-Watts
120-Watts
O2 (%)
15.4
13.0
14.0
CO2 (%)
3.46
5.3
5.28
Volume
8.1
21
42.6
Temperature
20.6
20.6
20.6
The data from table 2 together with relative humidity, barometric pressure and the room temperature should be entered into the Gascalc software to calculate VO2, VCO2 and RER and then entered into table 3 below.
Table 3.
Workload
Rest
60 Watts
120 Watts
VO2
0.45
1.66
2.87
VCO2
0.25
1.01
2.04
RER
0.56
0.61
0.71
Tasks
Plot a bar chart of VO2, VCO2 and RER against workload and import these into the space below using appropriate figure legends.
BAR GRAPH!!!!!!!!!
Q1: Describe what changes you observe in your bar charts in VO2, VCO2 and RER at rest and during exercise at intensities of 60 and 120 Watts and explain the relationship between exercise intensity and substrate utilization.
WHAT CHANGES YOU OBSERVE FROM THE BAR CHART?
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXERCISE INTENSITY AND SUBSTRATE UTILIZIATION?
400 WORDS WITH 5 REFERENCES
Q2: Theoretically the maximum value for the RER is 1. Explain why the value goes above 1 during high intensity exercise.
200 words 3 refs
Q3: RER is typically a “non-protein RER”. What does this mean and why is it inaccurate?
200 words 5 ref
References
Powers, S K, Howley E H (2012). Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. McGraw-Hill (8th edition). .
McArdle W D, Katch F I & Katch V L (2009). Exercise Physiology. Nutrition, Energy And Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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